Josephine Richards, M.A.

PhD Project

Religion, Law, Politics and Ethics. European satire critical of religion between freedom of expression, blasphemy and hate speech

This dissertation examines the complex interplay between law, religion, politics, and ethics in contemporary Europe on the basis of religious critical satire. Focusing on satirical cartoons and caricatures that address religious symbols, institutions, and figures, the study investigates where the boundaries between freedom of expression, blasphemy, and hate speech are negotiated, contested, and redrawn. Against the backdrop of violent reactions, legal disputes, and public controversies surrounding religious satire, the dissertation asks whether such forms of expression constitute legitimate journalistic commentary or cross ethical and legal limits.
The analysis is grounded in four case studies from Germany and Sweden. By deliberately selecting cases that address both majority and minority religions within comparable European contexts, the study highlights differences and similarities in societal reactions, legal frameworks, and political discourses surrounding religious satire.
Methodologically, the dissertation employs a triangulated approach combining media analysis, discourse analysis, and contextual legal and cultural examination. Satire is understood as a journalistic mode of communication, allowing for a nuanced discussion of its function, limits, and social impact. The work further situates contemporary debates within a broader historical framework of blasphemy, secularization, and evolving concepts of freedom of expression.
The dissertation concludes by proposing a framework for a journalistic ethics of religious satire that operates alongside, but distinct from, legal regulation. By integrating insights from religious studies, cultural studies, and media ethics, the study contributes to ongoing debates on freedom of expression in pluralistic societies and underscores the importance of responsible communication in an increasingly mediatized and conflict-prone global context.

(The dissertation is written in German)